Operant Conditioning.

In an operant conditioning, people and animals learn to do certain things and not to do others because of the results of what they do. Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again. In operant conditioning, it matters little why the person or animal makes the first response that is reinforced. People can simply be told what they are learning or how to do things. There are negative and positive reinforcers. Positive reinforces increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied. Food, fun activities, and social approval can be examples of this. Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of the behaviour that follows when they are removed. Discomfort, fear, and social disapproval are some examples of negative reinforcers. Also primary and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforces are reinforcers that work due to biological makeup of an organism and secondary reinforcers acquire their value through being paired with established reinforcers. A schedule of reinforcement is how often the reinforcement occurs and a continuous reinforcement is every time the reinforcement occurs. And parcial reinforcement  is a behavior that is not reinforced every time it occurs. Teachers and students usually use the ¨time-out¨method to discourage the child`s or person`s miss behavior. Shaping is a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction, for example learning to ride a bicycle involves learning of complex sequence of behaviors that are accomplished through shaping.